A new series, taking a close look at the natural history and folklore of Britain’s trees
Mature oak tree near Loch Lomond © Colin Woolf
Two species of oak are native to Britain: the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) and the sessile oak (Quercus petraea). They are, in fact, members of the beech family, Fagaceae. You can tell the two species apart by the length of their leaf stalk – the sessile oak has a longer (1-2 cm) leaf stalk, whereas that of the pedunculate oak is less than half a centimetre.
Pedunculate oak leaves, by Kate Jewell via Wikimedia Commons
Sessile oak leaves and acorn; MPF via Wikimedia Commons
The holm oak (Quercus ilex), also known as the holly oak, was introduced to Britain in the late 16th century; it is an evergreen, with spiny leaves like its namesake. The turkey oak (Quercus cerris) is a relatively recent introduction which originates from central southern Europe. A fast-growing tree, it was planted in Britain during the 18th century to create shelterbelts and avenues on country estates. Another newcomer is the red oak (Quercus rubra). A native of North America, it is admired for its attractive leaves.
Both male and female flowers appear on the same tree: the male flowers are like catkins, while the tiny female flowers form at the junction between the leaf stalk and twig. In ‘mast years’, which occur every three to five years, large number of acorns are produced - sometimes up to 50,000.
Oak trees support a wealth of wildlife, including birds, mammals, insects, spiders, lichen and fungi. Jays feed on the acorns and are instrumental in distributing them far and wide, thereby assisting the gradual spread of an oak wood.
Red squirrel © Colin Woolf
Individual trees known as Gospel Oaks can be found in some old woodlands in southern and western England. Traditionally, the Gospel was read aloud under these trees during Beating of the Bounds ceremonies every spring.
The Major Oak in Sherwood Forest is thought to be about 800 years old. With a circumference of 33 feet, its large branches are now supported by steel poles. In Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire, the Druid’s Oak has a girth of about 29 feet and is thought to have been alive for between 400 and 1000 years.
Old English oak (Quercus robur) in Hertfordshire; by AnemoneProjectors via Wikimedia Commons
Oak trees have a long-standing connection with druids: the very name ‘druid’ means ‘oak wisdom’ (‘oak’ is ‘derw’ in Welsh and ‘dair’ in Irish). The druids never wrote anything down (they must have had prodigious memories) but contemporary Greek sources reveal that they met and conducted ceremonies in sacred oak groves. Pliny the Elder, writing in 77 AD, observed: “The druids – for so their magicians are called – held nothing more sacred than the mistletoe and the tree that bears it, always supposing that tree to be the oak. But they choose groves formed of oaks for the sake of the tree alone and they never perform any of their rites except in the presence of a branch of it; so that it seems probable that the priests themselves may derive their name from the Greek word for that tree.”
Even in more recent times, a branch of oak was considered to have magical powers, as was any mistletoe found growing on an oak tree. Carrying an acorn guarded against disease and promoted long life, while planting an acorn at the time of a new moon was said to bring wealth. If an acorn was placed in a window, it was believed to protect the house from a lightning strike.
Oak trees were venerated by the Romans, Celts, Greeks and many Scandinavian peoples who associated them with their supreme gods. Victorious Roman commanders wore crowns of oak leaves to mark their triumph.
For centuries, oak has been used for furniture-making. Some forms of it are especially sought-after by furniture makers and wood carvers. Bog Oak, as its name suggests, has lain in a peat bog since prehistoric times, and has a blackish colouring, while the markings of Brown Oak are created by the Beefsteak fungus (Fistulina hepatica).
The oak has been useful to humans in so many ways: the sawdust was (and still is) used for smoking food, the bark for tanning leather, acorns were fed to pigs, and the wood itself has been used for iron smelting and charcoal making. On a larger scale, oak panelling was the hallmark of a prestigious residence in Tudor times – a fashion which had a devastating effect on Britain’s oak woodlands, as more and more trees were felled to build houses and furnish them.
Raynald’s Mansion, Much Wenlock © Jo Woolf
In 1992 a Bronze Age boat was discovered near Dover. Dating from around 1575 BC, it had been constructed from oak planks lashed together with yew strips. Part of the boat still lies buried under some buildings, because it was considered to be too dangerous to excavate it in full; the remainder is in the Dover Museum.
Shipbuilding, especially in the Middle Ages, called for the supply of oak timbers on an unprecedented scale. The Mary Rose, pride of Henry VIII’s fleet, was constructed almost solely of English oak; around 600 trees were cut down in order to build her.
Oak woodlands in mid Wales © Colin Woolf
The uplands of mid-Wales are known for their beautiful oak woodlands, which are spectacular in every season. Also called the Welsh oak, the sessile oak has been designated the national tree of Wales.
During the English Civil War, Charles II is said to have hidden in an oak tree near Boscobel in Shropshire, to escape from Cromwell’s soldiers. (In fact, Charles II is reputed to have hidden in so many oaks dotted about England that he must have spent more time in a tree than the average squirrel). An annual festival on 29th May known as Royal Oak Day or Oak Apple Day commemorates the restoration of Charles II to the throne in May 1660. The day is still celebrated in a few English counties: a ‘Garland King’ rides through the streets of Castleton in Derbyshire, covered from head to toe in a cone of flowers. The flowers are then removed and placed on the church tower. It’s quite likely that the roots of these ceremonies date back much further, to pre-Christian times.
Sunrise over broadleaved woods, Perthshire © Colin Woolf
Do you know of any ancient or impressive oak trees in your locality? I would be interested to hear about them.
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Photos copyright © Colin Woolf unless otherwise stated
